Harmonics

Harmonics in a synthesizer are the additional frequencies that are present in a sound, in addition to the fundamental frequency. The harmonics are the integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which is the base frequency of a sound.

An oscillator in a synthesizer typically combines the fundamental frequency with a number of harmonics to produce a sound. These harmonics, which can be viewed as overtones or partials, are responsible for the sound’s distinctive timbre or tone. Different harmonics exist in each waveform, and the harmony between them gives each waveform its personality.

For instance, a square wave only has odd harmonics, while a sawtooth wave has all the harmonics. A sine wave only has the fundamental frequency.

A filter, a common component of many synthesizers, can modify the presence and balance of harmonics. Filters allow users to increase or decrease specific harmonics, which can be used to shape the sound and produce a wide variety of timbres. In addition, some synths have a harmonics control that enables the user to add or remove harmonics from the waveform, allowing for the creation of various waveform variations and new sounds.